PARIS (AFP) – The United Nations on Tuesday has called on world leaders to build less, use more sustainable materials and clean up conventional ones to slash the constructions sector’s emissions.
The industry, seen as the most polluting and difficult to decarbonise, is responsible for 37 per cent of global carbon dioxide emissions and growing urbanisation is spurring the construction of new buildings made from carbon-heavy materials, especially concrete and steel.
Mushrooming urban environments — which add new buildings in an area equivalent in size to Paris every five days — damage life-sustaining ecosystems and pose serious challenges to fighting climate change.
A report published by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and Yale Centre for Ecosystems and Architecture on September 12 called on the sector to prioritise a “circular” approach that avoids waste.
Net-zero by 2050 in construction is achievable if “governments put in place the right policy, incentives and regulation to bring a shift the industry action,” said Sheila Aggarwal-Khan, director of UNEP’s industry and economy division.
Building less and repurposing existing structures generates 50 to 75 per cent fewer emissions than new constructions, the report said.
Switching to renewable bio-based materials such as timber and biomass could see emissions savings of up to 40 per cent by 2050 in some regions, it added.
Conventional materials that cannot be replaced — concrete, steel, aluminium, glass and bricks — must find ways to decarbonise further, said the report.
Electrifying production, scaling up innovative technologies and using more recycled materials would accelerate efforts to clean up these especially carbon-intensive materials.
Concrete, aluminium and steel alone account for 23 per cent of overall global emissions.
The share of concrete in world construction should be cut by half between 2020 and 2060 for an effective decarbonisation of the sector, the report recommended.
Two-thirds should be “circular” — concrete that has been recycled, reused or created using low-carbon cement.
The remainder would be new, low-emissions cement.
Anna Dyson, a lead author of the report and a professor at the Yale Schools of Architecture in the United States, said the sector needed a “revolution,” including a “dramatic reduction” in new concrete production.
“But it’s going to be gradual,” she told AFP.
Steel and concrete “often give only the illusion of durability, usually ending up in landfills and contributing to the growing climate crisis,” said Aggarwal-Khan.
Until the mid-20th century, building materials were usually sourced locally and from renewable or organic sources such as stone and timber.
Buildings were designed “with climate conditions in mind,” and only in recent decades have materials mostly used “extractive, toxic and non-renewable methods,” said Dyson.
The construction industry must cooperate with the forest and agricultural sectors to manage wood and biomass resources and the materials needed for future cities, she added.
“It’s a kind of back-to-the-future revolution.”
Living biomass on walls or roofs can be an important low-carbon material for cities in the future, Dyson added.
There is no “silver bullet” to decarbonise the industry, said fellow lead author Naomi Keena of Canada’s McGill University.
“It’s about adding new materials” and “shifting the processes,” she said.
