ANN/THE STAR – Have you ever noticed that when your kids were younger, it felt like they were always coming down with something?
But then, when the pandemic hit, it seemed like they were somehow dodging the COVID-19 bullet left and right? What’s the deal with that? Let’s dig into the reasons behind these health mysteries!
Protector of the body
The immune system is a vast network of organs, tissues, cells, proteins and chemicals that mainly functions to protect the body against disease-causing foreign intruders like bacteria, viruses and fungi.
It also plays other roles, like tissue repair, wound healing, elimination of dead and cancerous cells (at very early stages of cancer), and formation of healthy gut microbiota.
Among the components are white blood cells, spleen, bone marrow, skin, stomach and gut, and many more.
There are two types of immune systems: innate and adaptive.
The innate immune system responds quickly and similarly to all threats, which is why it is also called the non-specific immune system.
It consists of the skin, mucous membranes, some white blood cells (ie phagocytes) and proteins.
The adaptive immune system responds more slowly the first time it comes into contact with a germ.
But once it has identified and memorised a specific germ, it can react faster and more effectively to subsequent infections, allowing the body to become immune against the germ.
It consists of some white blood cells (ie T cells and B cells) and antibodies.
Why children are vulnerable
It is normal for young children like toddlers and pre-schoolers to get sick up to eight to 12 times a year.
As a comparison, schoolchildren may get sick five to six times a year, while teens and adults may fall ill two to three times a year.
Young children are more vulnerable to infections because their immune system is still immature and developing, particularly their adaptive immune system.
When children start attending day-care or preschool, they are exposed to new germs.
Plus, it is easier to spread infections at these places because young children are sitting in close proximity to one another and they are not yet familiar with the proper cough/sneeze etiquette.
Their habits of touching their face and putting fingers in the mouth are other contributing factors.
Additionally, babies tend to get infected when their older siblings bring germs from school to home.
However, a more responsive innate immune system in children may be a reason why children are less susceptible to COVID-19.
As the innate immune system is better and quicker at responding to new threats like COVID-19, it can stop the SARS-CoV-2 virus before it attacks other parts of the body.
Adults however, have a largely adaptive immune system and a less responsive innate immune system, so their body may take more time to fight the virus off.
Boosting immunity
As a parent of school-going children, you might be concerned about their health and ability to fend off germs and diseases. While there is no straightforward formula to boost a child’s immune system, several effective strategies can help support their overall health and immunity.
Firstly, a balanced diet is essential. Ensure your child eats a variety of foods including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, lean meats, nuts, and legumes. Nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, and beta-glucan are particularly important for supporting the immune system.
Physical activity plays a crucial role as well. Encourage your child to engage in at least 40-60 minutes of exercise daily to maintain physical health and a healthy weight. You can use the World Health Organisation’s BMI-for-age charts to determine a healthy weight range for your child.
Adequate sleep is also vital. Depending on their age, toddlers and pre-schoolers should get 10-14 hours of sleep per day, including naps, while older children need about 9-12 hours.
It’s important to manage stress effectively. Maintain open communication with your child and ensure they feel comfortable discussing any problems with you. Spending quality time together regularly can also help reduce their stress levels.
Hygiene is another critical area. Teach your child proper handwashing techniques and the importance of good cough and sneeze etiquette. Pay attention to food hygiene, especially when eating out.
Make sure your child is up to date with vaccinations according to the national immunization schedule. This is one of the most effective ways to prevent disease.
Lastly, protect your child from second-hand smoke, which can cause serious health issues. If you smoke, it’s advisable to quit and to avoid smoking inside the home to create a safer environment for your children.
It is normal for young children to get sick frequently as their immune system is still developing.
However, if you have concerns or suspect any underlying health problem, seek your child’s doctor for advice. And take these steps to help boost your child’s immunity and maintain their health.
Dr Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff is a consultant paediatrician and consultant clinical immunologist/allergist.
