Brooke Lefferts

NEW YORK (AP) – Forty years ago, the programmers at PBS were eager to experiment, so they took a chance and started a new series on animal behaviour in the wild called Nature.

The show featured hourlong documentaries from natural landscapes all around the world, and at first, didn’t even have narration so it could be sold in any television market, without any language barrier.

It was a hit.

Nature is celebrating its anniversary this season, which includes an extended look at the Rocky Mountains, American horses, a close examination of bees and, of course, some adorable penguins.

While the series has evolved over the years, there’s one person who has been there since the beginning. Fred Kaufman started as a production assistant on a three-month stint and has now been the show’s executive producer for the last 30 years.

Kaufman said Nature has become even more compelling to viewers because the science, filmmaking and technology is better.

He’s also proud of the show’s storytelling and attention to global warming and the environment.

In a recent interview with The Associated Press (AP), Kaufman talked about the evolution of the show, the stories that have made the most impact and how viral videos have helped the genre.

AP: How has technology changed the show over 40 years?
KAUFMAN: When HD came it was like, ‘Whoa!’ All of a sudden, you saw the detail that you didn’t see before, so that was a big difference.

Lenses have gotten better, more diversified. That’s a big difference.
Drones!

Years ago, if you wanted to get an aerial, you had to hire a helicopter at 400 bucks an hour and pay for the fuel and an operator and just pray that you can get everything you want in an hour that was like a big deal.

Now you put up a drone, one person flies a drone: rocksteady shot. It really allows you to see a landscape, gives you a new perspective on animals and places.… But I think one of the single most important developments is that wildlife films, behaviour, little snippets, have become so viral on social media.

I mean, they’re fun, they’re dramatic, they’re exciting. Chances are you’ve never seen this before.

AP: How does the show approach which places and animals to cover?
KAUFMAN: Everything we do is from the animal’s perspective. It’s from the perspective of wild places and wild lands. What’s the animal’s perspective on that?

You’re showing it from the photographer’s perspective, but can we shift and make it from the animal’s perspective?

And so, it’s…kind of calibrating your thinking and script because it represents the animal’s point of view. What do they need? What are the resources for a healthy environment? How does farming and climate change impact them?

So that’s kind of what we go to when we’re thinking about a topic and when we’re reviewing the film. Are we being a voice for the natural world?

AP: How have you observed the effects of global warming?
KAUFMAN: The most obvious visuals are the shrinking polar caps, particularly in the Arctic.
We’re seeing that polar bears are spending more time swimming and not on ice flows because there are less of them.

So, they’re more in the open ocean. And this leads to fatigue and they need more food to eat. And they’re suffering because of that. And that’s sort of the most obvious example that we’re all seeing.

But climate change is affecting migrations, and birds, for example, migrate following the paths of flowers and food sources that come out because when that day gets longer and the sun shines and it’s warmer and plants bloom, et cetera, birds follow those paths.

Now, with global warming, some of those events are happening earlier than usual.

So, the birds are showing up late or they’re showing up too early, and it’s messing with the nutrition and the food they need to carry on their migration.

AP: Which shows have had the biggest impact?
KAUFMAN: One thing I’m super proud of is many, many years ago, we were the first to bring attention to the colony collapse disorder with the bees. And so that one turned out to be a very big story, and it’s still a story.

AP: What is it about nature that still captures people?
KAUFMAN: The most thrilling thing about being in nature is probably going on an African safari, which just isn’t like anything in the world.

I mean, you do feel insignificant when you’re out there and you see these big gorgeous, iconic animals up close.

It’s surprising how close these animals come, and you see these magnificent landscapes that go on for miles

It’s awe inspiring. It really gets into you and stays with you and you know, you get goose bumps.

We were in a vehicle in the middle of a herd of about 60 elephants in Africa and my heart was racing. I don’t know why. It was just a reaction to being amongst these big wild animals – and elephants are in a class by themselves.

And of course, you know, you feel that they’re aware of you in a way other animals aren’t.
There’s a consciousness there. And so, there are moments like that I think everybody experiences, whether you’re in Yellowstone National Park or even Central Park, where it just has a calming influence about it.

Tatum Hunter

THE WASHINGTON POST – On one hand, space is for everyone. On the other hand, no it isn’t.

We saw that starkly this year as we gazed up into the cosmos in humility and awe, wondering what it must be like to found a billion-dollar corporation and acquire Whole Foods.

2021 was declared the year of the space billionaires after Virgin Group founder Richard Branson and Amazon founder Jeff Bezos launched themselves into the great beyond on rockets owned by their space companies, Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin.

Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa – who rode a rocket into space recently – bought every seat on a SpaceX commercial flight to the moon slated for 2023.

Some people hail the trips as one small step for billionaires, one giant leap for humankind as we weigh our chances as an interplanetary species. Others have called the rides tone-deaf when the rest of us are fretting about finances and struggling to find toilet paper.

Founding an airline empire or an e-commerce behemoth aren’t the only ways to get to space, though.

You could dedicate your life to training as an astronaut, attend a boot camp for space tourists or join hundreds of thousands of others in a raffle, such as the one for a seat on one of Branson’s forthcoming commercial flights to the edge of the thermosphere.

Geoff Clayton, a professor and astronomer at Louisiana State University, took the third route when he entered a drawing for a spot on a space flight commanded by billionaire Jared Isaacman. Clayton didn’t win the ticket.

“I decided when I was eight-years-old that I wanted to be an astronomer,” he said. “I would love to be going up into space; I just don’t have the money yet.”

In his research, Clayton focusses on tiny, dispersed particles of space dust – or as he puts it, “almost nothing”.

But the best way to describe his relationship to space would be “love”, he said. His favourite fact about space? Every atom inside of your body was, at one point, part of a distant star.

Clayton and the rest of us may not have the stuff to become captains of industry.

But, as he tells the 300 students in his introduction to astronomy class, there are plenty of ways to enjoy the cosmos from your own backyard.

I asked him and a few other space experts for some tips to tide us over as we wait for our savings accounts to hit 10 digits.

BOOST YOUR VISION WITH BINOCULARS

There are plenty of affordable telescope options for space enthusiasts, said Diana Hannikainen, observing editor at Sky & Telescope magazine.

But most families don’t need to spend anything at all to get a much better view of the night sky. Just dig out those binoculars from the junk drawer and step outside. You’ll be surprised by the extra things you see, Hannikainen said.

For instance: Most people can count about six or seven stars in the Pleiades cluster with the naked eye. Hold up your binoculars, and you’ll be “blown away” by all the new detail, she said. Then check out the crags on our moon and even the moons of Jupiter on a clear night.

GET YOUR BEARINGS WITH A STARGAZING APP

Scientists estimate there are nearly 10,000 visible stars in the night sky – which, for the uninitiated, is way too many to navigate without some help.

Stargazing apps point you toward constellations, planets and even faraway galaxies, and all you have to do is hold your phone up to the sky. Some, such as Star Walk, offer extra science-y information about whatever you’re looking at. I learned why Neptune is blue (methane) and scrolled through a gallery of photos from large telescopes.

Our experts also recommended SkySafari, SkyView and Stellarium as the best apps for stargazing.

BECOME AN ASTROPHOTOGRAPHER

As an observatory manager at Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Wallace Astrophysical Observatory, Tim Brothers is an expert at working with the often tricky equipment required to take research-worthy photos of the cosmos. But some of the best shots he’s ever gotten were taken with his cellphone, he said.

If you use the latest iPhone 13 Pro Max or a Google Pixel 3 or later, your phone comes with an astrophotography mode for capturing the night sky.

Get inspired by downloading the official NASA app, selecting the Images tab and tapping on the three-line menu in the upper right corner. Then, choose “top rated overall”.This shows you which space photos other people have ranked highest since the app’s inception, according to the app’s project manager at NASA, Jerry Colen. Most people gravitate toward photos of stars and other heavenly bodies, he said, while he prefers photos of astronauts and spacewalks.

BUT THEN STEP AWAY FROM THE SCREEN

Your smartphone is a helpful stargazing tool. But the blue light from your screen can kill the vibe. Light on that end of the colour spectrum tampers with our eyes and makes it harder to see the light coming from the sky.

“It takes your eye about 30 or 40 minutes to get fully adjusted in the dark, so as soon as you look at the phone, it resets that clock again,” Brothers said.

He recommended using your stargazing app indoors to orient yourself, then going outside phone-free. If you must bring the phone along, switch it to night mode or red mode to avoid blue light’s effects. (On an iPhone, go to Settings – Display & Brightness – Night Shift – Manually Enable Until Tomorrow.) Settle in with a blanket and a hot drink and enjoy some peace and stillness while the stars come into focus.

MOOCH OFF THE SPACE NERDS

Depending where you live, there’s probably an amateur astronomy club nearby. If you’re ready to dedicate some time and money to observing, get yourself an affordable telescope and join. But you can also soak up some space knowledge with no commitment at all.

Track down a local group’s website and visit the “outreach” section, Sky & Telescope’s Hannikainen suggested. Most clubs host amateur astronomy nights, where enthusiasts set up their rigs and point them toward different spots in the night sky. Visitors can walk among the telescopes taking in the views and learning from real people. This is a good activity for families, as well, she noted.

“Amateur astronomers love sharing their passion for the sky with people, so you shouldn’t be shy if there’s a public outreach event organised by amateurs,” Hannikainen said. “They just can’t wait to show you what they love so much about the sky.”

Planetariums and science museums also organise space-themed events for communities.

Check their calendars for viewing parties next time there’s an upcoming eclipse or passing comet.

KEEP TABS ON THE COSMIC CALENDAR

Want to witness a space event but not sure when they happen or where they’re visible? Open the NASA app, tap on the three-line menu symbol in the top right and flip on the notifications. This will alert you when to catch a glimpse of the passing International Space Station – you can also sign up for simple text alerts here.

To see when to expect cool phenomena such as meteors, check out the calendars in stargazing apps including Stellarium and Star Walk.

And while you’re playing with apps, download Spacecraft AR from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. You can flip through augmented-reality models of spacecraft from different parts of the solar system and project them onto any flat surface. Pinch your fingers to move them around and zoom in and out, and tap the question mark to learn what purpose they serve.

CHECK OUT THE SKY ON THE NIGHT YOU WERE BORN

The night sky is always changing. Travel back in time with Stellarium’s Web-based astronomy tool and see what the cosmos looked like from Earth on the night you were born, right before you met your partner or for your ancestors on a different continent.

Just open the online planetarium and click on the date and time in the bottom right corner.

Then punch in which moment in history you’d like to visit. Click the “near” button in the bottom left corner to choose a spot on the globe.

Before you leave, check out the ‘Planets Tonight’ tab in the left-hand menu. It’ll prime your stargazing by telling you which celestial bodies are easiest to spot where you live.

PONDER THE MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE

Apps and outings make it easier to appreciate the night sky we usually take for granted. But it’s also okay to just step outside, look up at the stars and do some navel-gazing. Maybe your problems will feel smaller.

“Our world is this fragile little ecosystem zipping around this normal star in a normal galaxy that’s one of millions and millions of other galaxies – maybe we should rethink our attitude toward our neighbour,” Hannikainen said.

Or, even better, maybe you’ll be struck with a billion-dollar business idea.

ISTANBUL (AFP) – Turkish doctoral student Gulfer Ulas saw the first edition of her favourite Thomas Mann collection published for 33 liras.

She found the second print of the same two-volume set selling months later at her Istanbul book shop for TRY70 (about USD6 at the latest exchange rate).

The jump exemplifies the debilitating unpredictability of Turkey’s raging economic crisis on almost all facets of daily life – from shopping to education and culture.

“I am a PhD student in international relations so I have to read a lot. I spend almost TRY1,000 a month on books on my reading list even though I also download from the internet,” Ulas said.

“Book prices are skyrocketing.”

The Turkish book industry – almost entirely dependent on paper imports – pinpoints one of the flaws in the economic experiment Erdogan has unleashed on his nation of 84 million people in the past few months.

Erdogan has ripped up the economic rule book by orchestrating sharp interest rate cuts in a bid to bring down chronically rising consumer prices.

Economists struggle to remember the last time a big country has done something similar because cheap lending is widely presumed to cause inflation – not cure it.

Turks’ fears about further erosion of their purchasing power prompted a surge in gold and dollar purchases that erased nearly half the lira’s value in a matter of weeks.

The accelerating losses forced Erdogan last week to announce new currency support measures – backed by reportedly heavy exchange rate interventions – that have managed to erase a good chunk of the slide.

Few economists see this as a long-term solution. The lira now routinely gains or loses five per cent of its value a day.

Kirmizi Kedi publishing house owner Haluk Hepkon said he fears all this uncertainty “will compel people to prioritise buying essentials and put aside buying books”.

“You publish a book, and let’s say it becomes a hit and it costs TRY30. And you go to a second edition in a week and the price climbs to TRY35,” Hepkon told AFP.

“Then for the third or fourth printing, only God knows how much it will cost.”

Turkey’s last official yearly inflation reading in early December stood at 21 per cent – a figure opposition parties claim is being underreported by the state.

The next report on January 3 is almost certain to show a big bump because the lira’s implosion has ballooned the price of imported energy and raw materials such as those needed to make paper.

Applied economics professor Steve Hanke of Johns Hopkins University calculates Turkey’s current annual inflation rate at more than 80 per cent.

Turkish Publishers Association president Kenan Kocaturk said global supply chain disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic have contributed to his industry’s problems by raising the price of unbleached pulp.

Turkey imports the raw material because its own paper mills have been privatised and then largely shut down.

“Only two of them continue production while the others’ machines were sold for scrap and their lands were sold,” Kocaturk said.

“Turkey is paying the price for not seeing paper as a strategic asset.”

Publishers are already trying to minimise risks by planning to put fewer books in print in the coming year.

The Heretik publishing house says it will not print some books “due to the rise in the exchange rate and the extraordinary increase in paper costs”.

Aras publishing house editor Rober Koptas said he was worried because printers represented a voice of ideological “resistance” in Turkey.

“Almost the entire press speaks in the same voice and the universities are being silenced,” said Koptas.

“But culture is just as important as food, and maybe more so given there is a need for educated people to address economic woes,” Hepkon of Kirmizi Kedi added.

Avid readers such as Ibrahim Ozcay said the crisis is already keeping them from buying their favourite books for friends.

“I was told that the book I want now costs TRY38 liras. I had bought it for TRY24,” said Ozcay.

“They say this is due to the lack of paper on the market, which does not surprise me.

Everything in Turkey is imported now,” he fumed.