Paul Wiseman & David McHugh
WASHINGTON (AP) – Moscow’s war on Ukraine and the ferocious financial backlash it’s unleashed are not only inflicting an economic catastrophe on President Vladimir Putin’s Russia. The repercussions are also menacing the global economy, shaking financial markets and making life more perilous for everyone from Uzbek migrant workers to European consumers to hungry Yemeni families.
Even before Putin’s troops invaded Ukraine, the global economy was straining under a range of burdens: Surging inflation. Tangled supply chains. Tumbling stock prices.
The Ukraine crisis both magnified each threat and complicated the potential solutions. “We are actually in uncharted territory,’’ said Executive Vice President Clay Lowery at the Institute of International Finance, a trade group of global banks. “We know there are consequences that we cannot predict.”
For now at least, the damage to the overall global economy appears to be relatively slight, if only because Russia and Ukraine are not economic powerhouses. Important as they are as exporters of energy, precious metals, wheat and other commodities, the two together account for less than two per cent of the world’s gross domestic product. Most major economies have only limited trade exposure to Russia: For the United States (US), it’s 0.5 per cent of total trade. For China, around 2.4 per cent.
Barring a major escalation of the war – far from impossible – “the effects on the US, China and most of the emerging world should be limited”, said lead economist at Oxford Economics Adam Slater. He foresees only a 0.2 per cent drop in global GDP this year.
Still, Russia is a vitally important supplier of oil, natural gas and metals, and higher prices for those commodities are sure to inflict economic damage around the world. Europe relies on Russia for nearly 40 per cent of its natural gas and 25 per cent of its oil. For the European continent, Russia’s war has significantly heightened the likelihood of runaway inflation, another economic setback – or both.
AN ECONOMIC SIEGE
Infuriated by Putin’s aggression, the US and other Western nations have targetted Russia with sanctions of unprecedented breadth and severity for a major economy. They have thrown major Russian banks off the SWIFT international payment system, limited high tech exports to Russia and severely restricted Moscow’s use of its foreign currency reserves.
The rapid and unified international retaliation against Russia appeared to catch Putin’s regime by surprise.
“The world – or most of it anyway – is laying economic siege to Russia,” wrote Chief Economist at High Frequency Economics Carl Weinberg.
The sanctions quickly caused damage. The Russian ruble plunged to a record low on Monday. Depositors lined up at ATMs to try to withdraw their money from the embattled banking system. Cut off from Google Pay and Apple Pay, Russians were stuck at ticket booths at Metro rail lines.
The Institute of International Finance foresees the Russian economy enduring a double-digit contraction this year, worse even than its 7.8 per cent drop in the Great Recession year of 2009.
Oxford Economics said evidence from wars ranging from the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war to the 1999 NATO bombing campaign against Serbia suggests that a staggering collapse of the Russian economy of 50 per cent to 60 per cent is possible.
HARD TIMES FOR EUROPE
With its dependence on energy from Russia, Europe’s economy is now especially at risk. Natural gas prices shot up 20 per cent after the war started, on top of earlier increases, and now are roughly six times what they were at the start of 2021. The gas price shock is feeding higher inflation and swelling utility bills. The result is that households have less money to spend, and hopes for a surge in consumer spending resulting from fewer pandemic restrictions and COVID-19 cases have diminished.
Escalating gas prices have caused what economists call “demand destruction” among industrial enterprises, like fertiliser makers, that use a lot of gas and have now slashed production. Farmers are paying more to run machinery and buy fertiliser. Germany’s economy, which sagged by 0.7 per cent in the fourth quarter of 2021, would face a technical recession if it shrank again in the first three months of 2022.
The economic downdraft could be offset by an increase in German defence spending. In response to the Russian invasion, Chancellor Olaf Scholz has said the government would commit EUR100 billion (USD111 billion) to a special fund for its armed forces and raise defense spending above two per cent of GDP.
“The drag from higher prices and the negative confidence affect may lower real GDP growth in the eurozone from 4.3 per cent to 3.7 per cent for 2022,” said Chief Economist at Berenberg bank Holger Schmieding.
NO SUPPLY CHAIN RELIEF
The world’s unexpectedly robust recovery from the pandemic recession left companies scrambling to find enough raw materials and components to produce goods to meet surging customer demand. Overwhelmed factories, ports and freight yards have meant shortages, shipping delays and higher prices. Disruptions to Russian and Ukrainian industries could delay any return to normal conditions.
Chief Economist at Moody’s Analytics Mark Zandi, noted that Russia and Ukraine together produce 70 per cent of the world’s neon, critical in the making of semiconductors. That is especially worrisome because the world, and automakers in particular, are already enduring a shortage of computer chips.
When Russia seized Crimea from Ukraine eight years ago, neon prices shot up 600 per cent, though Zandi notes that chipmakers have since stockpiled neon and sought alternatives to Russian supplies.
Russia and Ukraine together supply 13 per cent of the world’s titanium, which is used to make passenger jets and 30 per cent of the palladium, which goes into cars, cellphones and dental fillings, Zandi said. Russia also is a major producer of nickel, used to produce electric car batteries and steel.
“It’s impossible for supply chains to catch up,’’ said Vanessa Miller, a partner at Foley & Lardner LLP who specialises in supply chains.
TROUBLE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
The conflict and sanctions will also do damage to Russia’s neighbours in Central Asia. As its own workforce has aged, Russia has turned to younger migrant workers from countries such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Those workers’ families have come to rely on the money they send home – remittances.
Even at the height of COVID-19 in 2020, remittances from Russia to Uzbekistan topped USD3.9 billion and to Kyrgyzstan USD2 billion, according to the Russian central bank.
“The pressure on the ruble, banking restrictions on foreigners and – in the long run – the collapse of the labour market in Russia will have an immediate and profound economic impact on Central Asia,“Gavin Helf, an expert on Central Asia for the US Institute of Peace, wrote this week.
A STRAIN ON FOOD SUPPLIES
Ukraine and Russia account for 30 per cent of the world’s exports of wheat, 19 per cent of corn and 80 per cent of sunflower oil, which is used in food processing. Much of the Russian and Ukrainian bounty goes to poor, unstable countries like Yemen and Libya.
The threat to farms in eastern Ukraine and a cutoff of exports through Black Sea ports could reduce food supplies just when prices are at their highest levels since 2011 and some countries are suffering from food shortages.
Management Professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst Anna Nagurney described the consequences as “extremely troubling”. “Wheat, corn, oils, barley, flour are extremely important to food security,” Nagurney said, “especially in the poorer parts of the globe”.
With ports, airports and rail lines closed and young Ukrainian men fighting the Russian invasion, she asked, “Who’s going to be doing the harvesting? Who’d be doing the transportation?”
RISING PRICES
The Ukraine war coincides with a high-risk moment for the Federal Reserve and other central banks. They were caught off-guard by the surge in inflation over the past year – the consequence, mostly, of the economy’s unexpectedly strong recovery.
In January, US consumer prices rose 7.5 per cent from a year earlier, the biggest such jump since 1982. In Europe, figures out yesterday showed that inflation accelerated to six per cent last month from 5.1 per cent in January for the 19 countries that use the euro currency.
