Mark Maslin
CNA – The food we consume has a massive impact on our planet. Agriculture takes up half the habitable land on Earth, destroys forests and other ecosystems and produces a quarter of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Meat and dairy specifically accounts for around 14.5 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
So changing what we eat can help reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable farming.
But there are several “climate-friendly” diets to choose from.
The best known are the completely plant-based vegan diet, the vegetarian diet, which also allows eggs and dairy, and the pescetarian diet, which also allows seafood.
There are also “flexitarian” diets, where three-quarters of meat and dairy is replaced by plant-based food, or the Mediterranean diet which allows moderate amounts of meat.
Deciding which diet to choose is not as simple as you might expect.
Let us start with a new fad – the climatarian diet. One version was created by the not-for-profit organisation Climates Network, claiming it is healthy, climate friendly and nature friendly.
According to the publicity, “with a simple diet shift you can save a tonne of CO2 equivalents per person per year” (“equivalents” just means methane and other greenhouse gases are factored in alongside carbon dioxide).
Sounds great, but the diet still allows you to eat meat and other high emission foods such as poultry, fish, dairy products and eggs.
So this is just a newer version of the “climate carnivore” diet except followers are encouraged to switch as much red meat (beef, lamb, veal and venison) as possible to other meats and fish.
The diet does, however, encourage you to cut down on meat overall and to choose high-welfare and local meat where possible, while avoiding food waste and choosing local foods.
Saving a tonne of carbon dioxide is great but switching to vegetarianism or veganism can save even more.
A western standard meat-based diet produces about 7.2 kilogrammes (kg) of CO2 equivalents per day, while a vegetarian diet produces 3.8kg and a vegan diet 2.9kg. If the whole world went vegan, it would save nearly eight billion tonnes CO2 equivalents while even a switch to the Mediterranean diet would still save three billion tonnes.
That is a saving of between 60 per cent and 20 per cent of all food emissions – currently at 13.7 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents a year.
WATER AND LAND USE
To save our planet, we must also consider both water and land usage. Beef, for instance, needs about 15,000 litres of water per kg.
Some vegetarian or vegan foods like avocados and almonds also have a huge water footprint, but overall a plant-based diet has about half the water consumption of a standard meat-based diet.
A global move away from meat would also free up a huge amount of land, since billions of animals would no longer have to be fed.
Soya, for instance, is one of the world’s most common crops yet almost 80 per cent of the world’s soybeans are fed to livestock.
The reduced need for agricultural land would help stop deforestation and protect biodiversity. The land could also be used to reforest and rewild large areas which would become a store of carbon dioxide.
(MOSTLY) HEALTHIER
A plant-based diet is also healthier. Meat, especially highly processed meat, has been linked to a string of major health issues including high blood pressure, heart disease and cancer.
However, meat, dairy and fish are the main sources of some essential vitamins and minerals such as calcium, zinc, iodine and vitamin B12.
A strict vegan diet can put people at risk of deficiencies unless they can have access to particular foods or take supplements.
Yet specialist food and supplements are too expensive for many people around the world and it would be hard to scale up supplements production to provide for billions of extra people.
So a climatarian or flexitarian approach means there are fewer health risks and also allows people to still exercise choice. One study suggests a move to a global plant-based diet could reduce global mortality by up to 10 per cent by 2050.
NINE ANIMALS PER PERSON PER YEAR
One of the issues that seems to be lacking in many food discussions is the ethical dimension.
Every year we slaughter 69 billion chickens 650 million turkeys, 570 million sheep, 450 million goats, and 300 million cattle. That is more than nine animals killed for every person on the planet per year – all for nutrition and protein which we know can come from a plant-based diet.
So what is the ideal global diet to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce habitat destruction and help you live longer? I suggest being an “ultra-flexitarian” – a diet of mostly plant-based foods but one that allows meat and dairy products in extreme moderation, but red and processed meat are banned.
This would save at least 5.5 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents per year (40 per cent of all food emissions), decrease global mortality by 10 per cent and prevent the slaughter of billions of animals.
